Ferranti Effect Explanation | How to Reduce Ferranti effect

Ferranti Effect:

In long Transmission Line or cable, the receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage during light load or no-load operation. Under No-load or light load condition, the capacitance associated with the line generate more reactive power than the reactive power which is absorbed, hence Vr > Vs. This effect is called is known as Ferranti effect.

In short transmission Line (the line has the distance of only below 50kms), the shunt capacitance is neglected. So this phenomenon occurs in medium (50kms to 240kms )and long transmission lines (above 240kms).

Why Ferranti occurs in Long Transmission line:

A long transmission lines more than 240kms are consisting of high amount of capacitance and inductance distributed across the entire length of the line. Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the distributed capacitance of the line itself is greater than the current associated with the load at the receiving end of the line (during light or no load). This capacitor charging current leads to a voltage drop across the line inductor of the transmission system which is in phase with the sending end voltages. This voltage drop keeps on increasing additionaly as we move towards the load end of the line and subsequently, the receiving end voltage tends to get larger than applied voltage leading to the phenomena called Ferranti effect in power system

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Represent Long Transmission line by equivalent π-model.

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Consider the following

V_R = Receiving end Voltage

V_S = Sending End Voltage

I_L = Line current

I_S = Current at Sending End

I_R = Receiving end current

I_C1 = Line Capacitive current at sending end

I_C2 = Line Capacitive current at receiving end

Z = Line Impedance

R = Line resistance

L = inductance of the transmission line

C= capacitance of the line.

Y = conductance of the line

l= length of the conductor

X_L = Inductive Reactance of the conductor
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Here you can see that the decreased dominator value increases the total value..

How to reduce Ferranti effect:

Ferranti effect can be reduced by installing shunt compensation devices at receiving end. The compensation device is a shunt reactor which is connected in parallel with the transmission line. It reduces the voltage level by absorbing the reactive power.
Running the transmission line with higher load. I.e if you have two line both carries 5 % load in each side means, we can switch of the one transmission line and the remaining load can be diverted in to another one.

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