What is Impedance Reactance Impedance Triangle

Impedance:

The total opposition to an alternating current circuit is called impedance. The opposition is created by resistor, inductor, and capacitor.

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Impedance is symbolized by “Z”. and the SI units of impedance is ohm (Ω). Also the name impedance conveys the notion that Z “impedes” phase current I, just like how resistance R resists the instantaneous current i

In AC circuits impedance Z is

Reactance (X):

Reactance in a circuit is the opposition to an alternating current caused by inductance and capacitance, equal to the difference between capacitive and inductive reactance. Expressed in 0HMS.

Inductive reactance (X_L)

inductive reactance is that element of reactance in a circuit caused by self-inductance. Inductive reactance is united in ohms

Here L is the inductance of the coil In Henry

Capacitance reactance (X_C)

Capacitive reactance is that element of reactance in a circuit caused by capacitance. Capacitive reactance is united as ohms.

Here C is the Capacitance of the coil In ohms.

Impedance Triangle:

Generally, the impedance can be calculated from the impedance triangle. From the triangle, The impedance Z is

Here the inductive reactance is greater than capacitive reactance. X_L > X_C

Here the than capacitive reactance is greater than inductive reactance. X_C > X_L

For resistance the impedance is pure resistive and the reactance is zero whereas for capacitor and inductor the impedances are purely reactive and the resistance is zero.

For pure resistive circuit

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For Pure inductive circuit

For Pure Capacitive circuit

Impedance of Z_L and Z_C are frequency independent. At low frequency when ω=0, then Z_L=0 and Zc= ∞ which corresponds to dc steady state condition. This is the reason the inductor act as a short circuit and capacitor act as open circuit. For high frequency ω=∞ then Zc =0 and Z_L= ∞. Then the capacitor act as a short circuit and inductor act as open circuit.

Phase angle:

The phase angle is the phase difference between the voltage applied to the impedance and the current driven through it. Phase angle gives the time relationship between the current in the circuit and the voltage. It is denoted by ϕ. The phase angle is mathematically expressed by

Cosine of power angle gives the value of the power factor.

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Key points about Impedance:

• Total opposition (resistance + inductance + Capacitance) to AC is called impedance
• The cosine of power angle gives the value of the power factor of the circuit
• Frequency= 0 the inductive circuit as a short circuit, the capacitive circuit act as open circuit
• Frequency=∞ the inductive circuit act as an open circuit and capacitive circuit act as short circuit.
• Due to the third reasons DC do not have an impedance (f=0).

Use Full Formula about Impedance Gate Preparation:

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